Abstract Pterodon emarginatus Vogel and P. pubescens (Benth.) Benth. are phylogenetically related trees that compose a clade of sister species abundant in the Brazilian Savanna. Despite their morphological differences, some individuals with intermediate morphological characteristics have been reported, indicating the formation of interspecific hybrids. This study proposed to evaluate the genetic structure and controlled pollination of individuals of P. pubescens and P. emarginatus in areas of sympatry with the presence of putative hybrids. For this purpose, we genotyped seven microsatellite loci from 61 individuals collected from four apparent contact zones between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. Controlled pollination experiments were performed on 4,133 flowers from six trees of P. emarginatus and five of P. pubescens. We observed two genetic clusters (k= 2) that corroborate the divergence between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The individual genetic assignment showed evidence of natural hybridization between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The genetic assignment did not fully support the visual description of the diagnoses of individual morphological characteristics. Controlled interspecific pollination generated fruit and seed production, possibly indicating the absence of a reproductive barrier at the pollination and ovule fertilization levels between these species. Our results enlarge the understanding of the diversification process of Pterodon species.

Resumo Pterodon pubescens e P. emarginatus (Leguminosae) são duas espécies de plantas nativas medicinais do Brasil. As populações têm sido ameaçadas pelo extrativismo para uso de suas propriedades terapêuticas. Estudos de diversidade genética ajudam a racionalizar o uso e a promover a conservação dessas espécies. Nós desenvolvemos marcadores microssatélites para P. pubescens e transferimos para P. emarginatus com intuito de permitir investigações futuras da diversidade genética das espécies. A partir de sequências genômicas de P. pubescens, obtidas via plataforma Illumina MiSeq, foi possível identificar 6.514 regiões microssatélites, desenhar 5.419 pares de primers, e testar a amplificação de 30 marcadores. Nós fornecemos 26 marcadores moleculares, 10 dos quais foram usados para genotipar 48 indivíduos de cada espécie. O número de alelos por locus variou de 3 a 16, com alta diversidade genética média para ambas as espécies ( P. pubescens HE = 0,753; P. emarginatus HE = 0,691). Os dez marcadores apresentaram boa probabilidade de exclusão de falsa paternidade (com valores acima de 0,99) e baixos valores de probabilidade de identidade, indicando que esse conjunto é adequado para discriminar indivíduos em P. pubescens e P. emarginatus. Os marcadores microssatélites desenvolvidos neste trabalho representam uma ferramenta promissora para estudos de genética de populações e conservação das duas espécies e podem, eventualmente, ser aplicados a espécies não-modelos filogeneticamente próximas.

Abstract Pterodon pubescens and P. emarginatus (Leguminosae) are native medicinal plants of Brazil. Extractivism due to its therapeutic properties threatens populations of both species. Studies of genetic diversity is a way to reason the use and promote conservation. We developed microsatellite markers for P. pubescens and transferred them to P. emarginatus to further genetic diversity investigation of these species. From genomic sequences of P. pubescens, obtained via the Illumina MiSeq platform, it was possible to identify 6,514 microsatellite regions, to design 5,419 primer pairs, and to test 30 markers amplification. We provide 26 polymorphic microsatellite markers, 10 of which were genotyped in 48 individuals per species. The number of alleles per locus range from 3 to 16, with high average genetic diversity ( P. pubescens HE = 0.753; P. emarginatus HE = 0.691). The genotyped markers have a high paternity exclusion probability (Q values greater than 0.99) and low probability of identity, indicating that set of loci is capable of individual discriminating in P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. Microsatellite markers provided in this study are a tool for population genetics studies and conservation of the two species and can be applied to closely related non-model species.

ABSTRACT The genus Manihot Mill. contains about 120 species of which about 104 occur in Brazil. We tested the cross-amplification of ten microsatellite markers developed for Manihot esculenta in 15 species of Manihot endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado. We also evaluated the genetic diversity of Manihot irwinii, M. orbicularis, and M. purpureocostata. Ten pairs of primers were amplified among 14 species of Manihot. The percentage of polymorphic loci per species varied from 70 to 100 %. Nine markers showed amplification and polymorphism when evaluated on polyacrylamide gel. The markers were combined to form three sets for multiplex genotyping for genetic diversity analysis, and showed 51, 75, and 75 alleles in M. irwinii, M. orbicularis, and M. purpureocostata, respectively. The levels of genetic diversity for the transferred markers were high for the three species and proved to be useful for population genetics studies of species of Manihot endemic to the Cerrado. The results of this study will help to better understand the genetic diversity, taxonomy and relationships among species Manihot, and to develop conservation programs for the genus.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) is a Neotropical tree species widely distributed in Brazilian Savannas. This species is very popular in central Brazil mainly by the use of its fruits in the local cuisine, and indeed it is one of the candidates, among Brazilian native plants, for fast track incorporation into cropping systems. Here we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. brasiliense and used the data to access its genomic resources using high-throughput sequencing. The chloroplast exhibits a genome length of 165,793 bp and the typical angiosperm quadripartite structure with two copies of an inverted repeat sequence (IRa and IRb) of 34,902 bp each, separating a small single copy (SSC) region of 11,852 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 84,137 bp. The annotation analysis identified 136 genes being 87 protein-coding, eight rRNA and 37 tRNA genes. We identified 49 repetitive DNA elements and 85 microsatellites. A bayesian phylogenetic analysis helped to understand previously unresolved relationships in Malpighiales, placing Caryocaraceae as a separated group in the order, with high supported nodes. This study synthetizes valuable information for further studies allowing a better understanding of evolutionary patterns in the group and providing resources for future breeding programs.

ABSTRACT We experimentally evaluated how different temperatures affect germination of individual seedlings of Dipteryx alata, and estimated the impact of climate change on the species using ecological niche modeling. A total of 240 seeds were randomly distributed among three different temperature treatments (32 ºC, 36 ºC, and 40 ºC), and monitored for 35 days. We measured seven seed traits and estimated the ecological niche of D. alata using a consensus of four methods. The treatment with the highest temperature produced smaller and lighter seedlings. The consensus of ecological niche modeling indicated that are expected to reduce the areas with climates favorable for D. alata in future scenarios. Thus, our two results (experiment and ecological niche modeling) are concordant, and both indicate the impact of global warming on germination (initial stage of the plant) and potential geographic distribution. Moreover, in geographic context, our experiment and ecological niche modeling indicated that north, northwest and central regions of the “Cerrado” are predicted to have lower morphological traits of germination and loss climate favorable area, since these regions are predicted to have higher temperatures (nearly 40 ºC) in future climatic scenarios.

Abstract Dipteryx alata Vogel (Leguminosae) is a native Neotropical tree with a wide distribution in the Brazilian Cerrado that is commonly known as the baru tree. The genetic diversity of 150 D. alata progeny from a germplasm collection was characterized using nine microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity analysis detected 50 alleles ranging from 2 to 14 alleles per locus. The genetic differentiation among populations (θ p = 0.097) suggests moderate genetic structuring and high genetic differentiation among progenies (θ s = 0.169). The intrapopulation index (f = 0.122) indicates the presence of low endogamy. The effective population size (Ne = 96) shows that the germplasm collection has sufficient representativeness for use as a base population for breeding programmes. These results are useful for the exploitation of the genetic resources of D. alata for future conservation efforts and breeding programmes.

A cagaiteira é uma espécie frutífera comum no bioma Cerrado. A planta produz um fruto do tipo baga que é consumido in natura ou processado de várias formas. Em função do potencial produtivo da espécie, existe interesse na sua domesticação, para produção em larga escala. Para atender esse objetivo, a avaliação da variabilidade genética é fundamental para subsidiar programas de melhoramento e domesticação da espécie. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos quantitativos da coleção de germoplasma de Eugenia dysenterica DC., para disponibilizar informações que possam ser úteis em programas de melhoramento da espécie. O experimento foi montado no ano de 1998 em delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso com 110 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis das plantas que incluem a altura (AP), altura da primeira bifurcação (AB), circunferência do caule a 10 cm do solo (CC), projeção média da copa (DC) e variáveis das folhas, que incluem o comprimento do limbo (CL), largura do limbo (LL), formato das folhas (FF) e comprimento do pecíolo (CP). Os coeficientes de herdabilidade ao nível das médias variaram entre 87,66% e 25,16% e os coeficientes de variação genética, entre 45% e 7%, valores próximos aos obtidos para outras espécies silvestres do Cerrado. As estimativas dos parâmetros sugerem respostas modestas à seleção para as variáveis das plantas e respostas expressivas para as variáveis das folhas.

The cagaiteira is a common fruit species in the Cerrado. The plant produces a berry fruit eaten in natura or processed of several ways. Concerning the yield potential of the specie, there is interest in their domestication to large-scale production. To this aim, the evaluation of genetic variability is essential to support breeding and domestication programs for the species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of quantitative traits of germplasm collection of Eugenia dysenterica DC., to provide information that may be useful in breeding programs. The experiment was set up in 1998 in randomized block design, with 110 treatments and four replications. Variables of plants, which include height (AP), height of the first bifurcation (AB), the stem circumference (CC), average of crown projection (DC) and variable of leaves, which include leaf length (CL), leaf width (LL), leaf format (FF) and footstalk length (CP). The heritability coefficients ranged from 87.66 % to 25.16% and the coefficient of genetic variation ranged from 45% and 7%, similar values for other wild species of the Cerrado. Parameter estimates suggest modest responses of selection to variables of plants and expressive responses to the variables of leaves.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar marcadores RAPD para conhecer a variabilidade genética de populações de Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo, provenientes da região de Serra Dourada e Serra dos Pirineus, no Estado de Goiás. Os seis iniciadores RAPD produziram um total de 147 locos, variando entre 23 e 26 por iniciador. A avaliação hierárquica da estruturação da variabilidade genética, realizada pela a AMOVA, considerando a existência de duas regiões (Serra dos Pirineus e Serra Dourada) apresentou uma estimativa de F ST = 0,3439. O valor do componente entre regiões (F CT) foi igual a 18,96% e a variação entre populações dentro de regiões igual a 15,43%. As estimativas de fluxo gênico sugerem a existência de uma baixa proporção de migrantes entre populações. As análises multivariadas (UPGMA e NMDS) indicam que existe uma relação entre distância genética e espaço geográfico, hipótese esta que foi confirmada por uma análise de padrão espacial utilizando o teste de Mantel (r = 0,71; P = 0,015 com 1000 permutações aleatórias). Os resultados indicam assim que esta estrutura tenha se originado seguindo um modelo de diferenciação estocástica (neutro), ou seja, por um balanço entre fluxo gênico a curtas distâncias e deriva genética nas populações. Os valores de diversidade genética obtidos apóiam a hipótese de que a espécie T. papyrus é uma espécie xenógama facultativa e o fato de não serem encontrados altos níveis de homozigose, indica que devem existir mecanismos relacionados à biologia reprodutiva da espécie, que previnem, de alguma maneira, a ocorrência de elevadas taxas de endogamia, que poderia ter um efeito deletério em médio e longo prazo.

This paper has the aim of using RAPD markers to describe the genetic of variability of Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo local populations, from the regions of Serra Dourada and Serra de Pirineus, in Goiás State, Central Brazil. The six RAPD primers generated a total of 147 loci, varying from 23 to 26 per primer. The hierarchical evaluation of genetic variability, performed using an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) considering the local populations within the two regions (i.e., Serra Dourada and Serra de Pirineus), showed an estimate of overall diversity among populations equal to F ST = 0.3439. The value of divergence between regions (F CT) was equal to 18.96% so that the variation among local populations within regions was equal to 15.43%. Estimates of gene flow suggest a small number of migrants among local populations per generation. Multivariate analyses (UPGMA and NMDS) indicated that a relationship between genetic and geographical distances exists, which was confirmed by a spatial pattern analysis using Mantel test (r = 0.71; P < 0.015 with 1000 random permutations). Thus, this structure was originated from a stochastic neutral model of population differentiation, in which drift within populations is counteracted by short distance gene flow. Despite strong levels of population structure (i.e., high divergence among populations within regions), the diversity observed support the hypothesis that T. papyrus is a facultative xenogamous species. The lack of high levels of homozigosity indicates that ecological mechanisms related to species' reproductive biology prevent, someway, a high level of endogamy within local structured populations, which could cause deleterious effects in a long run.

Most evolutionary processes occur in a spatial context and several spatial analysis techniques have been employed in an exploratory context. However, the existence of autocorrelation can also perturb significance tests when data is analyzed using standard correlation and regression techniques on modeling genetic data as a function of explanatory variables. In this case, more complex models incorporating the effects of autocorrelation must be used. Here we review those models and compared their relative performances in a simple simulation, in which spatial patterns in allele frequencies were generated by a balance between random variation within populations and spatially-structured gene flow. Notwithstanding the somewhat idiosyncratic behavior of the techniques evaluated, it is clear that spatial autocorrelation affects Type I errors and that standard linear regression does not provide minimum variance estimators. Due to its flexibility, we stress that principal coordinate of neighbor matrices (PCNM) and related eigenvector mapping techniques seem to be the best approaches to spatial regression. In general, we hope that our review of commonly used spatial regression techniques in biology and ecology may aid population geneticists towards providing better explanations for population structures dealing with more complex regression problems throughout geographic space.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o padrão espacial da variabilidade genética entre plantas, dentro de três populações naturais de barueiro (Dipteryx alata Vogel), pela genotipagem por RAPD e técnicas de autocorrelação espacial. Os cinco iniciadores RAPD permitiram a codificação de 45 locos, utilizados nas análises de diversidade, estrutura e distribuição espacial da variabilidade genética entre populações. As populações apresentaram diversidade genética (Hs) com valor médio 0,314. Verificou-se que 12% da variação total se encontra entre as populações, o que indica que estas mantêm um considerável nível de variabilidade genética. Foi observada tendência de autocorrelação espacial positiva nas primeiras classes de distâncias, nas três populações, o que indica a formação de grupos de vizinhança com estruturação familiar, dentro das populações de barueiro. Entretanto, o tamanho desses grupos de vizinhança varia entre as populações; isso mostra que outros processos ecológicos influenciaram a distribuição espacial da variabilidade genética. As populações naturais de barueiro apresentam consideráveis níveis de diversidade genética, com base nos 45 locos RAPD avaliados.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the spatial pattern of the genetic variability among plants, within local populations of "barueiro" (Dipteryx alata Vogel), using RAPD markers and spatial autocorrelation analyses. The five RAPD primers used allowed the coding of 45 loci used for standard analyses of diversity, structure and spatial distribution of genetic variability within each local population. These populations showed considerable amount of genetic diversity, with an average Hs of 0.314. From the total genetic variation 12% occur among the three local populations studied, indicating that each of these contains a significant amount of variation. Within each population, this variability is structured with significant and positive spatial autocorrelation in the first three distance classes, suggesting the existence of neighbor groups of genetically similar individuals. The size of these neighbor groups, however, varies among local populations; this shows that other ecological components affected the spatial structure of genetic diversity. Natural populations of "barueiro" present considerable levels of genetic diversity, based on 45 RAPD loci analysed.